countdown 7days~~~legal system

1 malaysian legal system

a written law
-federal constitution
-state constitution
-legislation
-subsidiary legislation
b unwritten law
-english common law
-custom
-islamic law
-judicial precedent



3 statutory interpretatoin
-literal rule
-golden rule
-mischief rule
-ejusdem generis rule

4 hierarchy of the court system

5 judicial precedent
high court follwed by lower in hierarchy of court system
importance
1.help achieve certainly n uniformity
2.more practical-based on situation
3.flexibility

avoiding precedent
1.judge may avoiding follow ealier precedent if the case was decided [per incuriam]
2.lack of care
3.changing needs of society
 ratio v obiter
ratio decidendi=legal reason
obiterdicta=opinion

operation of the doctrine in malaysia
1.english court=privy council,commonwealth country
2.malaysia court=federal court,court of appeal








6 human right

f4 law~~~contract law~~countdown 8days

2 consideration
-- value given by 1 party to a contract in return for the promise
types of consideration
1.executory (k.murugesu v nadarajah)
2.executed(carlill v carbolic)
3.past consideration

-EXP
-nature love   near relation(re tan soh sim)
-past voluntary
-compensate the person who do something which promisor is legally compellable to do
-statute-barred debt
 not recoverable-lapse of time
 enforce the debt must within 6 yrs
 EXP s.26
 fresh promise
 writing n signed by debtor
the debt is revived n new period of limitation begins to run


==consederation need not b adequate but must b sufficient
  phang swee kim v beh i hock--lower price than market value
==waiver of performance
 less sum can discharge whole debt
-illustration(b) s.64 ca 1950

by 3rd party
-kerpa singh v bariam singh


agree sum in satisfaction


4 term of contract

express term
-specially agreed upon parties to a contract
-orally or writing or both
implied term
=read by court or legislators

classification of term (sales of goods act 1957)
-condition=stipulation essential
--associated metal smelter vtham cheow toh-
   terminate or choose continue to a contract n treat it as a breach of warranty       
-warranty=collateral
--can't terminate,don;t has right to reject
--can claim damage only
-intermedia=too complex
--hong kng fir shipping v kawasaki kisen kaisha

exclusion clause
-attempt to alter,limit,or absolutely exclude of liability
-GR:clear,unambiguous,exemption clause =valid
-playing cards v china navigation
--nt liable
--clear n effective



-EXP contra profenrentum rule=assist to weaker party
-wallis son v pratt &haynes
-negligence case
--hollier v rambler
   negligence of employee




7 remedies for breach of contract
1.special performance(s.11 specific relief act 1950)
 a,trust
 b,pecuniary compensation can't afford-imovable
                                      -movable
 c,pecuniary compensation can't got
 d,unable to ascertain actual

==EXP s.20specific relief act 1950,can't specific enforce


2.injuction(s.50 specific relief act 1950)
3.quantum meruit-as musc as he deserves,reasonable sum
4.damage-subtantial,nominal,exemplary
5.recission of contract-put an end